Mineral mining is the process of extracting valuable minerals from the earth, involving methods like surface and underground mining. The process includes prospecting, extracting the ore, and processing it to concentrate the minerals for sale. Common mined minerals include coal, metals, and stone. 

Key stages of mining

1. Prospecting and planning: Identifying mineral deposits and getting the necessary permits for extraction.
2. Extraction: Using techniques such as surface mining or underground mining to physically remove the ore from the ground.
3. Processing: Crushing, grinding, and refining the raw ore to separate the valuable minerals from waste rock (tailings) and produce a concentrated, marketable product. 

Main mining methods

• Surface mining: Suitable for mineral deposits that are close to the surface. It is generally more cost-effective and used for minerals like coal, iron, and bauxite.
• Underground mining: Used for deposits located deep below the earth’s surface. Examples of minerals extracted this way include gold, lead, and silver.
• Placer mining: A method for extracting minerals that have been eroded and concentrated in riverbeds or other placer deposits.
• In-situ mining: A technique where the mineral is dissolved and pumped to the surface while still underground.